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There are many things that you can do to stretch your supermarket dollars. Try some of the following suggestions.

Before You Go to the Store

Check What's At Home

Your major reason for going to a supermarket is to buy food, so check your refrigerator and pantry before going. You may be able to combine a food on hand with an ingredient to be bought to make another meal without spending much money. When checking supplies on hand, list staple items that you are out of.

Check Grocery Ads

Most newspapers carry ads each week for major food stores in their areas. Some stores also advertise on television and radio. Use these ads to compare products and prices from different stores.

In an effort to attract customers, food stores often feature "specials" (items at reduced prices) and "loss leaders" (items sold below cost). These may be bargains that will save you money if these are items that you use. Remember, however, not all advertised items are specials or loss leaders. Also, compare the prices of comparable products.

For produce consider freshness and quality. For meats consider grade, closeness of trim for fat, and bone.

Clip Coupons

Manufacturers and food retailers often use coupons to promote the sale of certain products. Clip and save coupons for products you will be buying. Circle the expiration date of each coupon so that you may use it before it expires. Coupons are sometimes used to promote the sale of new products. However, most are for highly advertised brands. Coupons can save you money on items that you use. However, using a coupon does not guarantee the item will sell for less than another brand or a store brand. Compare costs.

Plan Your Meals

Make a draft meal plan for the week. Keep in mind bargains and specials. Remember to plan nutritionally balanced meals. A plan will save you preparation time, money and can ensure better meals. Develop your shopping list from your plan and add the list of staples you need to buy.

Make A Shopping List

Organize your shopping list by food type and department. For example, list all meats together. Do the same with other types of products such as canned foods, dairy products and cleaning supplies. This helps you to avoid forgetting things and having to make another trip to the store.

When making the list, keep in mind the store layout if you know it. For example, if the produce is located on the right at the front of the store, list your fruits and vegetables first. Don't make the list too rigid. Example, you may list "green vegetable, broccoli." When you are in the store, look at the green vegetables. Compare what is available, quality, and cost. Buy broccoli if it is the best buy. But, if another green vegetable is a better buy, purchase it.

Stick to your list. Add to it only if you see special bargains that will save money. Make substitutions when better buys are found.

Select The Store With Care

Most stores have some bargains. Rarely does one store have all the best buys. One store may have good buys on meat, another on canned goods. A third store or market may have the freshest fruits and vegetables. If stores are not located near each other you may shop one store one week and buy enough bargain items for two or three weeks. The following week shop the other store.

Remember, prices do vary from store to store. Prices change, so keep alert. Shop in the stores that offer the best prices and services for the kinds of products that you buy.

When to Shop

Shop Alone If Possible

When your mate or children go shopping with you generally the total bill increases. Children often pressure parents to buy items advertised on television or that they see and want. This can cause unplanned spending. Some people are excellent shoppers, but unfortunately many aren't. Often a husband will add gourmet or non-essential items to the grocery basket or select other impulse items.

Shop When Stores Aren't Crowded

If possible, avoid peak crowded times such as Friday afternoon and Saturday. Crowded stores mean long lines and sometimes distractions while shopping.

Avoid Shopping When Tired Or Hungry

When you are tired you'll buy anything to "get through and go home." You may have to make another trip to the store for forgotten items. If hungry, you'll probably overbuy, especially prepared foods.

Shop Weekly Or Less Often

Plan your shopping so that you can buy groceries for a week or more at one time. You spend more money if you go to the store several times during the week.

In the Store

Don't Rush Shopping

Give yourself enough time to compare and think about the best buys and to find bargains. If rushed you may not be able to concentrate on getting the most for your money. Remember, grabbers are usually losers in the shopping game.

Keep Priorities Straight

Wheel your cart past "empty calorie" foods such as nibblers, candies, soft drinks. Look for foods that are nutrition packed. You want value for your dollars.

Buy In Quantities That Are Most Economical For You

Consider your family size, eating patterns, and storage space. If you are shopping for one or two people, it may be unwise to buy the largest size package even if it costs less per unit. Look for the best buy in the size package you can use before it becomes stale.

Read Labels: Know What You Are Buying

Labels provide much useful information. Read the list of ingredients. Ingredients are listed in the order of their predominance by weight. If water is listed first and sugar second, the product is mostly water and sugar. Most food products carry nutritional labeling. Use this information to choose foods to help balance your diet.

The quantity of contents is listed on a product's label or package. Read the amount. Do not rely on appearance. Appearance can be misleading.

Consider The Packaging

Some products have excessive packaging which contributes to landfill problems. Others have containers that do not break down in the environment. Over packaging, such as individual servings, often increases the cost of the product. Consider how a product is to be stored and used. Choose the package that best protects the product and the environment and meets your needs.

"Cents Off" and Introductory Offers Can Save Money

By law, products labeled "cents off" must be reduced the designated amount in price. If these items are on your shopping list they may save you a little money.

Provide Your Own Labor

Not all "convenience" foods cost more, but some do. There are many services that you can provide for yourself to save money. For example, cut up your own chicken, slice and grate your own cheese, or slice your own fruit.

Stock Up On Staples When Prices Are Especially Good

If staple items are on sale at bargain prices, and you have adequate storage space, it's a good time to stock your pantry. Buy only the amount that you can use before the food becomes stale.

Compare Costs Of Various Forms Of Food

Supermarket prices vary among retailers, brands, and markets. Fresh produce varies more in price than other forms of food. Because of the nation's highly commercialized marketing system most types of fresh produce are available throughout the year.

To get the most food for the least amount of money compare the various forms, such as canned versus fresh, frozen, dehydrated, and partly or completely prepared. Compare the cost per edible measure.

Locally grown fruits and vegetables are usually very reasonable priced when they are in season (and they taste great)! However some may require extra preparation time and there may be some waste (ex: corn shucks). Locally grown produce is usually sold at "Farmers Markets" and in small food stores. Major chains rarely carry local produce because of limited supplies.

Consider the cost of the form of food that fits your needs. You may be making a peach cobbler. Sliced peaches or canned "broken pieces" may be your best buy for the cobbler.

Compare The Cost Per Serving Of Various Foods

It is important to compare the cost per serving. For example the amount of fat and bone varies from one cut of meat to another. Ground beef provides 4 servings per pound while spare ribs give 1 ½ servings per pound.

Compare The Unit Price of Various Forms, Brands and Sizes

When you have determined the least expensive form of food, compare the unit price of various sizes and brands. The unit price is the cost per unit of weight or measure, for example, cost per ounce. Often the larger size containers offer the best unit price, but not always. If a brand sells more small size containers than large ones the smaller ones may cost less per unit. Also, store brands usually cost less, but not always. Compare unit prices.

Most supermarkets make it easy for shoppers to compare prices by providing unit pricing. Unit price information is printed on a label attached to the shelf directly below the product. Money can be saved by using this information.

Use Open Dating Information

Many products are stamped with a date. Most open dates are shelf removal or quality assurance dates. If a product will be stored for some time before being used, buy it as fresh as possible. If the food is to be used immediately, the date isn't as important.

Reduced For Quick Sale

Often products reduced in price are good buys. For example, day-old bread usually sells for about half the regular price. Products that are reaching their "sell by" dates are often reduced in price. Most perishable products carry a "sell by" date. This enables the shopper to select items that can be used before they spoil. Some stores reduce the price on meats that have turned dark, or ham that has changed color. If they are to be used immediately they may be bargains. Overripe bananas may be a bargain at a few cents per pound if they are to be used immediately, but a poor investment to use the following day. Carefully inspect any product reduced in price to be sure it is a bargain to you. Make sure it will not spoil before you have a chance to use it.

Avoid Impulse Buys

Unplanned purchases can wreck your budget. Don't be unduly influenced by big displays, or fancy ads. These are designed to promote sales. Just because an item is sold in a bin or on a promotional table does not guarantee it is reduced in price. Compare it with similar "regular priced" products to see if it is a bargain.

Check To See If Multiple Priced Items Are Less Expensive

Compare the price of items that are regularly priced individually with their total cost if sold in multiples to be sure there is a price reduction. For example if the individual item sells for 59 cents each and 3 are advertised for $1.29, there is a price reduction of 48 cents.

In the above example, with today's computers you may also be able to buy only one item at the reduced price of 42 cents.

Checking Out

Watch to be sure breakable and crushable items are correctly bagged. Also, food items that are easily bruised must be carefully packed. Bananas crushed by a can of peas aren't very appetizing.

On the Way Home

It is important that foods be carried home from the grocery as quickly as possible. Special care should be given to make sure frozen foods do not thaw. Highly perishable foods such as meats and milk should be handled with care to ensure they stay cool. Fragile foods such as eggs and fresh produce should be placed so that they will not be bruised or crushed on the trip home.

When you reach home put foods away quickly. Frozen and refrigerated foods should be handled first.

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When money gets tight, it is time to be creative. Think positively. This is an opportunity to demonstrate your shopping skills -- to show how competent you are!

Know How Much You Have to Spend

The first step in managing your dollars is to know how much money you have to spend. The next step is to develop a spending plan and establish a maximum amount to spend in each category. How much do you have to spend for groceries for one month? Divide your money into four parts. Now you know how much is available to spend each week.

Know What You Must Purchase with Your Grocery Money

Your supermarket bill will include various food and non-food items.

Non-food purchases include things such as cleaning and laundry products (soaps, detergent), paper products (napkins, toilet tissue), grooming supplies (toothpaste, shampoo), and household supplies (light bulbs, waxes, polishes).

Know Your Needs

Before going supermarket shopping, check to see what you have on hand available for use. Then, make a list of items you will need for the week.

There is a difference in what you want and what you need. You may want steak, but your need is meat -- and there are meats that cost less than steak!

Make a Shopping List

To organize your shopping, make a list. A shopping list helps make sure that you get the things you need and helps you avoid overlooking a product that would require an extra trip to the store.

• Keep the list handy in the kitchen so you can write down the items needed as supplies run low.

• Include basic staples when they need replacement.

• List the weekly-advertised specials that fit into your menu. Include staples that are on special if you have storage space and you can use them before the quality deteriorates.

Look for Bargains

Check newspaper ads for special prices. Stores often sell some merchandise at reduced prices to attract customers who will usually buy other merchandise. Note the price and store on your shopping list. Before going shopping, plan a menu for a week so you will know which foods to buy.

Use Coupons, Rebates, and "Cents-Off" when Advantageous

Manufacturers and stores issue discount coupons. Most stores that sell the product accept the manufacturers' coupons. You can only use store coupons at the specified store.

Most coupons offer savings on name brand products. Coupons can save you money if you normally buy that specific product at its regular price. If a store brand (or another brand) sells for less, the coupon may not save you money.

Mail-in refund coupons are popular. But remember to receive a rebate you must mail in proof of purchase and usually the sales receipt. It is easy to neglect mailing the request. View rebates with caution. Remember you must follow through to receive the rebate, and you must pay the postage when requesting the rebate. Rebates are not always paid.

Know When and Where to Shop

Try to shop when the stores are not crowded. Shop alone if possible (children and mates often add to the bill). Take advantage of farmers' markets and roadside stands to buy less expensive, locally-grown produce. Compare prices at competing supermarkets. Choose the one that has the best prices for items you buy.

Some bakeries and stores have "day-old" outlets that sell bakery products for about half price or less. These products are leftover from a day or so earlier. Some super markets also sell day-old products.

Do Comparison Shopping

Compare the cost of food products in different forms (for example, canned, fresh, and frozen). Compare competing brands including store brands. Many of the store brands are from the same processors as the national brands but usually sell for a lower price.

Compare cost per unit of competing products. The unit price is marked on the supermarket shelves beneath the products.

Consider the Packaging

Packaging is important in keeping foods and other products fresh and protecting them from soil and contamination during handling. It is important to select products that are not over-packaged.

Think about how the product is to be used. When and under what conditions do you use the product.

For example, individually-wrapped slices of cheese are great for children who will "build" their own sandwiches on a picnic table. It is excess packaging of cheese if the cheese is for general home use.

Consider buying concentrated forms of products. The smaller container reduces waste. Others sell refills in more environmentally-friendly packages. Remember, "Just a few packages" discarded by many people has resulted in overflowing landfills. Every discarded package counts.

Read the Label

Some call the label the window to the product. Federal regulations require certain label information, including the:

• Common name of the product

• Contents

• Amount of product, and

• Name and address of manufacturer, processor or distributors.

Food product labels include:

• Net weight including solid and liquid content (for example, peas and juice),

• Ingredients that make up the product (listed in decreasing amounts by weight).

The nutrition information tells the shopper:

• How many servings are in the container

• How many calories it contains

• The amount of sugar, fat, vitamins, minerals, and

• Information needed to make nutritious choices.

Use Open Dating Information

Dairy products and some other products are required to carry an open, shelf removal date. Other products (for example, cereals) voluntarily use a shelf-removal date to ensure quality.

When shopping, think about the length of time you will store the item before using it. Look for a date that is as distant as possible unless you plan to use immediately. Shelf removal dates are quality assurance dates. They are not a "do not use after" date. Products are usually still usable for some time following their shelf-removal date.

Buy and Prepare Foods in Usable Quantities

Do not waste food. For those living alone, divide food into serving sizes after preparing. Label and freeze the individual servings. If you do this for several foods, it is easy to select a varied menu and you reduce preparation time.

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Price Reductions and Sales

Most consumers seem obsessed with the terms "sale," and "reduced prices." This fascination is evidenced by the phenomenal growth of discount stores and outlets. Department stores and specialty shops are following the trend by continuously advertising sales.

There are genuine sales. However many products claiming to be reduced in price are not. Some retailers place two prices on their hang tags, "should sell for" or "selling elsewhere for," and "our selling price." Remember, the retail value is what the product will sell for and no merchant can afford to give away merchandise.

Types of Sales

Although sales carry many names, they can all be grouped into two general classifications: promotional and clearance. By recognizing the type of sale, a consumer is better able to anticipate the potential condition of the merchandise and the amount of price reduction.

Dispose of Unwanted Merchandise

There are several different kinds of sales which are designed to get rid of the merchandise that retailers no longer want to keep in stock. As a general rule these types of sales offer the greatest price reductions, and the most limited selection of products. They may also offer the greatest opportunity for the shopper to make a very good buy, or a very poor one, depending on the shopper's skills. Sales designed to dispose of unwanted merchandise include:

• Clearance sales, designed to "clear out" left over seasonal merchandise, shopworn items, and those that are damaged or are one-of-a-kind.

• Close-out sales, used to get rid of merchandise which will no longer be carried, or a line of products that the manufacturer is discontinuing. (Be sure the item is not being discontinued because of a basic design flaw.)

• Going-out-of-business sales, held when a store is closing (discontinuing business).

• Disaster sales, usually held following a disaster such as a flood, fire, hurricane, tornado, or other major problem. Frequently the merchandise is damaged.

• Inventory sales, designed to reduce the quantity of merchandise in stock. These sales are often held near the time a store is required to take inventory for tax purposes.

Stimulate Consumer Buying

Promotional sales use moderate price reductions to coax customers to buy. A promotional sale may be a storewide sale, or it can be for a specific product or service.

• Seasonal sales, built around merchandise traditionally placed on sale at specific times during the year (for example, white sales). Seasonal sales are also held at the time of special events such as Easter, Christmas, and the beginning of the school year when special types of merchandise are in high demand.

• Private sales, confined to a store or chain whose regular customers are notified several days before the sale is announced to the public. They promote store loyalty.

• Anniversary sales, commemorate the founding of the store with general storewide price reductions.

• One-day sales or holiday sales, feature markdowns for special holidays such as St. Valentine's Day, Memorial Day, and Labor Day.

• Special Purchase sales, offer merchandise that the store's buyer has obtained from a manufacturer or wholesaler at a reduced price. Sale items may be a manufacturer's overruns, seconds or irregulars, or may be merchandise ordered by another store that went out of business. Sale items may or may not be of the quality usually carried by the retailer.

• Introductory sales, introduce a new product, service or store to help consumers learn about specific goods and/or services.

• Stimulation sales, designed to increase sales volume during periods of slow movement.

Cautions for Shoppers

Shoppers attending sales should be especially cautious to be sure they get their money's worth.

• Comparison shop -- even at sales. Sale merchandise at some stores will cost more than the same merchandise sold at the regular price at another store.

• Ask yourself, "Why did this merchandise not sell at the regular price?" Was it over-priced or defective? If so, how will this affect the item? Is it trendy and will it soon be out of style?

• Is the price really reduced? Some hang tags show two prices, one of which is the sale price. Is the other price the prior selling price or a "suggested retail price?" Look for the item's regular selling price not the suggested price. The items may never be sold at the "suggested retail price." The "sale price" may be the true "retail" price.

• Would you consider buying the product if it were not on sale? Poorly constructed products or odd designs are no bargains.

• Usually sale merchandise can't be returned or exchanged (unless it was sold as first quality and turns out to be defective).

Buying Tips

• For promotional sales it is usually wise to shop the first days of the sale because the selection is better. Prices will not change during the sale.

• If the sale is a clearance sale, the price reduction usually is larger than for promotional sales. The best selection is at the beginning of the sale; however, the best prices are often found during the last few days.

• Comparison shop before buying. Compare quality, usefulness, and price.

• Be sure all warranty information and care instructions are included with the product.

• Carefully inspect merchandise for damage and quality of construction.

• Recognize that the excitement of buying at a sale is contagious. Don't buy just because others are buying. A price reduction is no bargain if the product is not needed.

• At close-out sales, be cautious when buying items that may require service or repairs. Find out who will provide the service and warranty work.

Other Forms of Price Reductions

There are a number of other forms of price reductions. Some of these are listed below.

• Cents-off -- price reductions given by the manufacturer or distributor. There are specific regulations governing this area. A product can be sold only 6 months out of the year with a cents-off offer. At other times it must sell at the regular price.

• "Specials" or loss-leaders -- inexpensive, commonly used items are sold at a reduced price to attract customers. Usually they require the consumer to purchase other merchandise to be eligible to take advantage of the special.

• Introductory offer -- merchandise that is new, or new to the marketing area. Price reductions can be for no more than 6 months out of the year. (The law requires products to be new, improved, or introduced to a new marketing area to be sold as an "introductory offer.")

• Coupons and refunds are other ways of taking advantage of price reductions. Coupons may be issued by the manufacturer or by the store. Use coupons only for items you already plan to buy, and if the the cost of the item will be reduced to or below that of competing brands.

Discount and Outlet Stores

Discount stores and manufacturer's outlets have gained wide popularity and greatly influence retailing. These stores claim to sell merchandise at prices substantially below department and specialty stores. They may or may not offer bargains. Some carry manufacturer's first quality overruns; others carry seconds and damaged merchandise; and some have last season's merchandise. Many carry one-of-a-kind or size merchandise. Careful comparison shopping is required to find true bargains.

Shopping sales is one good way to stretch the purchasing power of the dollar provided you:

• do careful comparison shopping.

• resist the temptation of impulse buying.

• clearly understand the types of sales.

• have realistic expectations.

• buy only what is needed and can be used.

• avoid buying only because the price is reduced.

• look for quality and low prices.

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Garage and yard sales, thrift shops and classified ads are good places to look for bargains. View each location as a treasure hunt -- you never know what you might find. Some things are of value, others are not. Prices are usually quite low. It is helpful if you are familiar with the brands of the merchandise and the quality that each represents. Since the merchandise is used and sold "as-is," it is important to be able to judge condition and project the remaining useful life.

For the person who has a limited budget or wants to get as much as possible for his/her money, garage and yard sales and thrift shops are good sources of clothing, housewares, and toys. You may also find furniture, tools, and appliances. These items can also be located through classified ads. Generally, prices asked through classified ads tend to be a little higher than at garage and yard sales. However, a careful shopper can find a lot of value for the money spent at any of these locations by observing a few precautions.

Garage and Yard Sales

• Realize that you may have to visit several garage sales before you find items that will fit your needs or be of use to you. There is no assurance that you will locate what you are looking for or the kinds of merchandise you will find. Keep in mind the time you must spend and your travel expenses. Garage sale shopping requires time and patience.

• Before going shopping, set a maximum that you can afford or are willing to pay. Stick to it when shopping. Make offers on things that you are interested in buying. Your offer may just be accepted.

• Garage sales can be located by reading the classified ads in the newspaper, listening to radio programs that advertise "swap shops" and items for sale, and by watching for neighborhood signs. Give first consideration to garage sales located in upper middle class and affluent neighborhoods. Merchandise is usually of better quality and prices are likely to be more reasonable. Sellers in these neighborhoods are more likely to hold a garage sale to dispose of items they no longer want instead of primarily to raise money. Thus the percentage of price reduction is usually higher than in neighborhoods where finances are of greater concern.

• Shop early for best selections. However, observe the hours listed for the sale. Don't go to a garage sale early in the morning before the people are out of bed. Toward the end of the sale, sellers are more likely to lower their prices.

• Carry cash. Often people holding garage sales are hesitant about taking a check from a stranger. (You would be too!). Also, when it comes to bargaining, a ten dollar bill in hand is a real temptation to a seller asking $15.00 for an item. Cash-in-hand is a bargaining tool.

• Bargain on prices. The seller wants to dispose of the items as quickly as possible. Often he/she will reduce prices if asked, and especially if you are purchasing more than one item.

• Carefully inspect the merchandise before buying. Remember all items are sold "as is." Why are they being sold? Are the items defective or of questionable quality? Is the family moving? Or have interests and needs changed?

• Read labels carefully to learn the composition of a product and how to take care of it. Check to make sure all parts or components are included and in working condition.

• Buy only items that you need and are looking for. Avoid "orphan bargains," items that are greatly reduced in price but for which you have no special need. Buying something just because it is a "bargain" can be costly, even at greatly reduced prices.

• Be prepared to transport your purchases. If you have no way to transport a large purchase try to work out a delivery arrangement with the seller before you make a commitment to buy. Or, you may arrange for the seller to store the item until you can pick it up.

• Generally, all sales are final. Items cannot be returned (unless you find a very generous seller).

• Know the facts before you place a deposit on an item you want to buy. If a deposit is to be placed on an item, put the agreement in writing. Describe the item on which the deposit is placed, write the amount of the deposit and the specifics of the agreement. Include things such as whether the deposit is forfeited if you do not return by a specified time to get the item. If any type of refund is to be given, put the details in writing. Both the buyer and the seller should sign the agreement, date it and receive a signed copy.

• Shop carefully. Avoid impulse buying.

Classified Ads

The same precautions listed for garage sales apply to classified ads. Because of concerns over personal safety, some people who advertise in classified ads will require you to schedule an appointment so they can have a friend or family member present.

Thrift Shops

Thrift shops are sponsored by non-profit groups such as Good Will and the Salvation Army. Others are sponsored by churches and other religious groups. Large thrift shops usually have a fairly wide range of merchandise. Some even repair and/or refinish the merchandise they have for sale. Prices are usually quite low. Most of their merchandise has been donated and some contributors receive tax credits for their donations. This sometimes results in well-known brands and good quality merchandise sold at a fairly low price.

Remember

• Buy only merchandise you need. Buying because the "price is low" is no bargain.

• Carefully inspect all merchandise before you buy. Make sure it is in usable condition.

• There is no social stigma attached to buying previously used merchandise. It can be smart.

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Garage or yard sales can benefit both buyer and seller. The seller gets rid of things that he/she no longer wants or can use. The buyer finds things he/she wants or needs at a low price.

Shopping at Garage Sales

Garage sales can be an excellent source for inexpensive merchandise. However, there are a few precautions you should observe.

• Realize that garage sale shopping takes time and patience. You may have to visit several garage sales before you find items that will fit your needs or be of use to you. You may not be able to find specific items. Also, keep in mind the time you must spend and your travel expenses.

• Before going shopping, set a maximum that you can afford or are willing to pay. Stick to it when shopping.

• To find garage sales, check classified ads in the newspaper, listen to radio programs that advertise "swap shops" and items for sale, and/or watch for neighborhood signs. Give first consideration to garage sales located in upper middle class and affluent neighborhoods. Merchandise is usually of better quality and prices are likely to be more reasonable. These people are more likely to hold a garage sale to dispose of items they no longer want instead of primarily to raise money. Thus the percentage of price reduction is much higher than in neighborhoods where finances are of greater concern.

• Arrive early for best selection. However, observe the hours listed for the sale. Don't go to a garage sale early in the morning before the people are out of bed. Toward the end of the day or sale the seller is more likely to lower prices.

• Carry cash. Often people holding garage sales are hesitant about taking a check from a stranger. (You would be too!) Also, when it comes to bargaining, a ten dollar bill in hand is a real temptation to a seller asking $15.00 for an item. Cash-in-hand is a bargaining tool.

• Bargain on prices. The seller wants to dispose of the items as quickly as possible. (A garage sale is not a store.) Often he/she will reduce prices if asked, and especially if you are purchasing more than one item.

• Carefully inspect the merchandise before buying. Remember all items are sold "as is." Why are they being sold? Are the items defective or of questionable quality, or is it because the family is moving? Perhaps the family's needs have changed.

• Read labels carefully to learn the composition of a product and how to care for it. Check to make sure all parts or components are present and in working order.

• Buy only items you need and are looking for. Avoid "orphan bargains," items that are greatly reduced in price, but for which you have no special need. Buying something just because it is a "bargain" can be costly, even at greatly reduced prices.

• Be prepared to transport your purchase. If you have no way to transport a large purchase try to work out a delivery arrangement with the seller before you make a commitment to buy. Or, you may arrange for the seller to store the item until you can pick it up.

• Know the facts before you place a deposit on an item you want to buy. If a deposit is to be placed on an item, put the agreement in writing. Describe the item on which the deposit is placed, write the amount of deposit, and the specifics of the agreement. Include things such as whether the deposit is forfeited if you do not return by a specified time and date to get the item. If any type of refund is to be given, put the details in writing. Both the buyer and the seller should sign the agreement, date it and each receive a signed copy.

• Shop carefully. Avoid impulse buying.

Holding a Garage Sale

Conducting a successful garage sale requires planning and preparation. Time is needed to assemble and organize items to be sold and to advertise them. The location of the sale and the way things are displayed are also important. Perhaps the following tips will be of help in preparing for a garage sale.

• Where will you hold the sale? Space is needed to display the items you wish to sell. Customers should be able to walk around and inspect items without being crowded. Garages, carports and porches are good locations because they provide protection from unexpected rain showers. You may use a yard or lawn if you do not have a covered area. Because of safety concerns, the sale should be outside your home.

• When should I hold the sale? Weekends are usually the best time for garage/yard sales. Saturday is the most popular day followed by Sunday and Friday.

• • Announce the time of day you expect to begin the sale - but be prepared for early arrivals. Some people who frequent garage sales go 30 minutes to one-hour early. If you feel strongly about early arrivals prominently display the hour you expect to open in your ad and on your lawn.

  • The time of year is also important. Hold sales in the appropriate season. For example if you expect to sell winter clothes, hold the sale during cold weather. Early December is an ideal time to sell toys and May or June for boating, swimming and items for the beach.

  • Avoid times such as "football weekends," and holidays. If your community has a specific "payday," that is a good time for a sale.

• How do I advertise the sale? If possible, use a variety of advertising methods. Place a classified ad in the newspaper. Some cities also have a weekly "shopper" or community flyer that is free and filled with ads. Their ads are usually inexpensive and reach a wide range of readers.

• • In planning your ad remember you pay for each line. Mention your best items, but don't list everything. Try to make your ad sound special. Be sure to include date, time, and location.

  • You may post signs on major thoroughfares in your neighborhood. Place notices on bulletin boards, or at public places such as laundromats or grocery stores. Some areas also have radio call-in programs that announce private garage sales. If your residence is difficult to reach include directions and a telephone number.

• What items can I sell? There appears to be a market for almost anything, from plants to tools to used clothing. The appearance of items offered for sale is important. Things should be very clean, whether a tool or an electrical appliance or anything else. Clothes should be clean, free of spots, and hung on hangers or carefully folded.

• How should things be displayed? The way items are displayed is very important. Use tables (borrow them if necessary). You may use boards or even an old door on sawhorses to build display space. Card tables work well. Be sure none of the display tables are easily tipped. (You don't want a table to fall on someone's foot. Check your homeowner's insurance policy to review your coverage.)

• • Arrange the merchandise according to categories. For example, one table might be devoted to children's clothing, another for books and another for tools. Make it easy for your customers to see and inspect the merchandise.

  • Place small items or those most likely to be subject to theft near the cashier's table or in a highly visible location. Several small inexpensive items might be grouped together as a set, with each set packaged separately.

• Should all items have price tags? Get stickers or use slips of paper and tape to individually price all items. This saves time and avoids confusion. It helps shoppers know whether they are interested in an item.

• How do I know what to charge? Visit two or three garage sales in your community to get an idea of the value of commonly sold items. You may also visit a store that sells used merchandise. Your prices should be less than the store price to attract buyers.

• When should I set up for the sale? If you are using a garage that can be closed, set up for the sale the day before the event. This eliminates pressure of being ready by your opening time. If that is not possible, have things organized so you can have them in place shortly before opening time.

• How much change should I have? It is a good idea to have $15 to $20 in change, (nickels, dimes, quarters). You will also need about $20 in one dollar bills. Have a file drawer or a special box for your money. Put it in a safe location. Keep about half of your change and dollar bills in a safe location other than the cash drawer. Bring it out only if and when needed.

• • Try to arrange your physical set up so that shoppers must exit by your cashier. To avoid losses never leave the sale unattended. If possible have more than one person help with the sale. One person should serve as cashier. The other can circulate, answer questions and provide other help to customers.

• Should I accept a deposit to hold merchandise? Generally it is best to avoid "holding" merchandise. Your goal is to sell. If you choose to accept a deposit, put your agreement in writing, make two copies with both you and the buyer signing the agreement. Each person should keep a copy of the agreement. In the agreement, include important information such a name, address, telephone number of buyer and seller, the total sale price, the amount of deposit and detailed terms of the agreement such as when the item is to be picked up (before what date and time), the balance due and when it is to be paid, and what happens to the deposit if the buyer changes his/her mind and does not want the item or does not return within the agreed time. (Without this type of agreement, some holders of deposits have had to return the deposits even though they missed selling the merchandise to others.)

• Do I have to charge sales tax? No you do not sell regularly or operate a business.

• Do I have to refund money for an item sold at a garage sale and then returned? Usually items sold at a garage sale are sold "as is." Therefore, you do not have to refund money if the item is returned. However, if you misrepresented an item you can be liable. For example, suppose you sold an electric lawn mower and you told the person it operates well and will cut grass and he bought it based on your assurance. If the lawn mower does not operate or will not cut grass when he gets home with it (and he did not damage it enroute) then you are liable. You will have to accept it back and refund his money. It would have been better for you to have him plug in the lawn mower at your house and cut some grass to see that it does operate. You then would not be liable. If you tell the truth about the merchandise, or if you don't know, say so, then you are not liable.

• • If you are selling an appliance that has a warranty, provide the buyer with a copy. Some warranties are transferrable to a second owner.

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Transportation

Airline Fares

• Often, you can lower the price of a roundtrip air fare by as much as two-thirds by making certain your trip includes a Saturday evening stayover, and by purchasing the ticket in advance.

• To make certain you have a cheap fare, even if you use a travel agent, call all the airlines that fly where you want to go and ask what the lowest fare to your destination is. You can also check various websites for low prices.

• Keep an eye out for fare wars. Be prepared to act quickly.

Car Rental

• Since car rental rates can vary greatly, shop around for the best basic rates and special offers.

• Rental car companies offer various insurance and waiver options. Check with your insurance agent and credit card company in advance to avoid duplicating any coverage you may already have.

New Cars

• You can save thousands of dollars over the lifetime of a car by selecting a model that combines a low purchase price with low financing and low insurance. Check cost of insurance before you purchase the car. In addition check for good gasoline mileage and low maintenance and repair cost. Ask your local librarian for new car guides that contain this information.

• Having selected a model, you can save hundreds of dollars by comparison shopping. Call at least five dealers for price quotes and let each know that you are calling others.

• Remember there is no "cooling off" period on new car sales. Once you have signed a contract, you are obligated to buy the car.

Used Cars

• Before buying any used car:

• • Compare the seller's asking price with the average retail price in a "bluebook" or other guide to car prices found at many libraries, banks, and credit unions.

  • Have a mechanic you trust check the car, especially if the car is sold "as is."

  • Consider purchasing a used car from an individual you know and trust. They are more likely than other sellers to charge a lower price and point out any problems with the car.

Auto Leasing

• Don't decide to lease a car just because the payments are lower than on a traditional auto loan. The leasing payments may be lower because you don't own the car at the end of the lease.

• Leasing a car is very complicated. When shopping, consider the price of the car (known as the capitalized cost), your trade-in allowance, any down payment, monthly payments, various fees (excess mileage, excess "wear and tear," end-of-lease), and the cost of buying the car at the end of the lease.

Gasoline

• You can save hundreds of dollars a year by using the lowest-octane called for in your owner's manual.

• You can save up to $100 a year on gas by keeping your engine tuned and your tires inflated to their proper pressure.

Car Repairs

• Consumers lose billions of dollars each year on unneeded or poorly done car repairs. The most important step that you can take to save money on these repairs is to find a skilled, honest mechanic. Before you need repairs, look for a mechanic who:

• • is certified and well established;

  • has done good work for someone you know; and

  • communicates well about repair options and costs.

Insurance

Auto Insurance

• You can save several hundred dollars a year by purchasing auto insurance from a licensed, low-price insurer. Call the Florida Department of Financial Services for a publication showing typical prices charged by different companies. Then call at least four of the lowest-priced, licensed insurers to learn what they would charge you for the same coverage.

• Talk to your agent or insurer about raising your deductibles on collision and comprehensive coverages to at least $500 or, if you have an old car, dropping these coverages altogether. Taking these steps can save you hundreds of dollars a year.

• Make certain that your new policy is in effect before dropping your old one.

Homeowner Insurance

• You can save $100 or more a year by purchasing homeowner insurance from a low-price, licensed insurer. Ask your state insurance department for a publication showing typical prices charged by different licensed companies. Then call at least four of the lowest priced insurers to learn what they would charge you. If such a publication is not available, it is even more important to call at least four insurers for price quotes.

• Make certain you purchase enough coverage to replace the house and its contents.

• Make certain your new policy is in effect before dropping your old one.

Life Insurance

• If you want insurance protection only, buy a term life insurance policy.

• If you want to buy a whole life, universal life, or other cash value policy, plan to hold it for at least 15 years. Cancelling these policies after only a few years can more than double your life insurance costs.

• Check your public library for information about the financial soundness of insurance companies and the prices they charge. Consumer Reports are a valuable source of information about a number of insurers.

Banking/Credit

Checking

• You can save more than $100 a year in fees by selecting a checking account with a minimum balance requirement that you can, and do, meet.

• Banking institutions often will drop or lower checking fees if paychecks are directly deposited by your employer. Direct deposit offers the additional advantages of convenience, security, and immediate access to your money.

Savings and Investment Products

• Before opening a savings or investment account with a bank or other financial institution, find out whether the account is insured by the federal government. An increasing number of products offered by these institutions, including mutual stock funds and annuities, are not insured.

• To earn the highest return on savings (annual percentage yield) with little or no risk, consider certificates of deposit (CDs) and treasury bills or notes.

• Once you select a type of savings or investment product, compare rates offered by different institutions. These rates can vary a lot and, over time, can significantly affect interest earnings.

Credit Cards

• You can save as much as several hundred dollars each year in lower credit card interest charges by paying off your entire bill each month.

• If you are unable to pay off a large balance, switch to a credit card with a low annual percentage rate (APR). For a modest fee, Bankcard Holders of America (703-389-5445) and RAM Research Corp. (800-344-7714) will send you a list of low-rate cards or go online to your web browser and type in "no interest credit cards."

• You can reduce credit card fees, which may add up to more than $100 a year, by getting rid of all but one or two cards, and by avoiding late payment and overlimit fees.

Auto Loans

• If you have significant savings earning a low interest rate, consider making a large down payment or even paying for a new car in cash. This could save you as much as several thousand dollars in finance charges.

• You can save as much as hundreds of dollars in finance charges by shopping for the cheapest loan. Contact several banks, your credit union, and the auto manufacturer's own finance company.

First Mortgage Loans

• You may save tens of thousands of dollars in interest charges by shopping for the shortest-term mortgage you can afford. On a $100,000 fixed-rate loan at 8% annual percentage rate (APR), for example, you will pay $90,000 less in interest on a 15-year mortgage than on a 30-year mortgage.

• You can save thousands of dollars in interest charges by shopping for the lowest-rate mortgage with the fewest points. On a 15-year, $100,000 fixed-rate mortgage, just lowering the APR from 8.5% to 8.0% can save you more than $5,000 in interest charges. On this mortgage, paying two points instead of three would save you an additional $1,000.

• If your local newspaper does not periodically run mortgage rate surveys, call at least six lenders for information about their rates (APRs), points, and fees. Then ask an accountant to compute precisely how much each mortgage option will cost and its tax implications.

• Be aware that the interest rate on most adjustable rate mortgage loans (ARMs) can vary a great deal over the lifetime of the mortgage. An increase of several percentage points might raise payments by hundreds of dollars per month.

Mortgage Refinancing

• Consider refinancing your mortgage if you can get a rate that is at least one percentage point lower than your existing mortgage rate and plan to keep the new mortgage for several years or more. Ask an accountant to calculate precisely how much your new mortgage (including upfront fees) will cost and whether, in the long run, it will cost less than your current mortgage.

Home Equity Loans

• Be cautious in taking out home equity loans. These loans reduce the equity that you have built up in your home. If you are unable to make payments, you could lose your home.

• Compare home equity loans offered by at least four banking institutions. In comparing these loans, consider not only the annual percentage rate (APR) but also points, closing costs, other fees, and the index for any variable rate changes.

Housing

Home Purchase

• You can often negotiate a lower sale price by employing a buyer broker who works for you, not the seller. If the buyer broker or the broker's firm also lists properties, there may be a conflict of interest, so ask them to tell you if they are showing you a property that they have listed.

• A condition of any purchase contract should be that the house passes an examination by a home inspector that you selected.

Renting a Place to Live

• Do not limit your rental housing search to classified ads or referrals from friends and acquaintances. Select buildings where you would like to live and contact their building manager or owner to see if anything is available.

• Remember that signing a lease probably obligates you to make all monthly payments for the term of the agreement.

Home Improvement

• Home repairs often cost thousands of dollars and are the subject of frequent complaints. Select from among several well established, licensed contractors who have submitted written, fixed-price bids for the work. Get referrals from friends and neighbors.

• Do not sign any contract that requires full payment before satisfactory completion of the work.

Major Appliances

• Consult Consumer Reports, available in most public libraries, for information about specific brands and how to evaluate them, including energy use. There are often great price and quality differences among brands.

• Once you've selected a brand, check the phone book to learn what stores carry this brand, then call at least four of these stores for the prices of specific models. After each store has given you a quote, ask if that's the lowest price they can offer you. This comparison shopping can save you as much as $100 or more.

Utilities

Electricity

• To save as much as hundreds of dollars a year on electricity, make certain that any new appliances you purchase, especially air conditioners and furnaces, are energy-efficient. Information on the energy efficiency of major appliances is found on Energy Guide Labels required by federal law. Check with your electric utility to learn if it has a program to help reduce the costs of any appliance purchases.

• Enrolling in load management programs and offrate programs offered by your electric utility may save you up to $100 a year in electricity costs. Call your electric utility for information about these cost-saving programs.

Home Heating

• A home energy audit can identify ways to save up to hundreds of dollars a year on home heating (and air conditioning). Ask your electric or gas utility if they can do this audit for free or for a reasonable charge. If they cannot, ask them to refer you to a qualified professional.

Local Telephone Service

• Check with your phone company to see whether a flat rate or measured service plan will save you the most money.

• You will usually save money by buying your phones instead of leasing them.

• Check your local phone bill to see if you have optional services that you don't really need or use. Each option you drop could save you $40 or more each year.

Long Distance Telephone Service

• Long distance calls made during evenings, at night, or on weekends can cost significantly less than weekday calls.

• If you make more than a few long distance calls each month, consider subscribing to a calling plan. Call several long distance companies to see which one has the least expensive plan for the calls you make.

• Whenever possible, dial your long distance calls directly. Using the operator to complete a call can cost you an extra $1 to $3.

Other

Food Purchased at Markets

• You can save hundreds of dollars a year by shopping at the lower-priced food stores. Convenience stores often charge the highest prices.

• You will spend less on food if you shop with a list.

• You can save hundreds of dollars a year by comparing price-per-ounce or other unit prices on shelf labels. Stock up on those items with low per-unit costs.

Prescription Drugs

• Since brand name drugs are usually much more expensive than their generic equivalents, ask your physician and pharmacist for generic drugs whenever appropriate.

• Since pharmacies may charge widely different prices for the same medicine, call several. When taking a drug for a long time, also consider calling mail-order pharmacies for a list of several of these pharmacies and their toll-free phone numbers.

Funeral Arrangements

• Make your wishes known about your funeral, memorial, or burial arrangements in writing. Be cautious about prepaying because there may be risks involved.

• For information about the least costly options, which could save you several thousand dollars, contact a local memorial society, which is usually listed in the Yellow Pages under funeral services.

• Before selecting a funeral home, call several and ask for prices of specific goods and services, or visit them to obtain an itemized price list. You are entitled to this information by law and, by using it to comparison shop, you can save hundreds of dollars.

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Blogging is not a path to quick riches
Unless you're John Chow, blogging is no way to get rich quickly. It's no way to generate immediate cash for bills. Income is uncertain and variable.

I am, at last, earning a decent income, but it's only because I spend every spare hour sitting in front of a computer. I don't have kids. I have an understanding wife who believes in this project. I'm working harder than I ever have in my life. Though the short-term financial rewards are minimal, I consider this labor an investment in the future.

I made $13,752.12 (before taxes) during the first twelve months of Get Rich Slowly. I expect to make about $30,000 in the coming year. This is not peanuts. However, it's not great pay either. I spend several hours every day reading books, searching web sites, and exchanging e-mail. And I write. I spend more time each week working on this site than I do at my day job.

I believe Get Rich Slowly is an atypical example. More normal, I think, are the results at my other blogs. My six-year-old personal site gets about 1100 visitors each day. It earns me an average of $120/month. I also run several minor blogs. They earn me about $20/month combined.

Payment for blog income is generally delayed weeks or months. If I earn $20 from Google ads today, I will not see that money until the end of June. If I earn $20 from FeedBurner ads, I won't see that money until the beginning of September.

Do not start a blog expecting it to pay your bills. Blogging can be an excellent way to make money from a hobby, a way to earn supplementary income. But blogging will not make you rich.

Coping with unemployment
What should Lazy Man's correspondent do? There aren't any quick fixes. If I were in her position, I would:

• Cut expenses to the bone: no cable television, no high-speed internet, no extra phones. I'd take public transportation when possible.
• Take a job at a grocery store or a restaurant or someplace else with low qualifications. (Actually, I might try to get two jobs.) This is a stop-gap measure to bring in some small income while continuing to look for better work.
• Seek the advice of a career counselor.
• Tap my social network. I'd let my friends and family now about my situation. I'd even contact people at other companies and organizations with whom I'd had regular contact at my previous job.
• Attend job fairs, scour want ads. Sign up at Yahoo! Jobs, Career Builder, and Monster.
• Contact my creditors and explain the situation.
• When I found a new job, I would be certain to bolster my emergency fund.

The University of Florida has an excellent guide explaining what to do if you lose our job, and The Simple Living Network just published a small piece on how to survive a layoff.

I've never experienced unemployment myself, but I have friends who've been through it. Those I've seen make a successful recovery are the ones who did not panic, and who took every opportunity they could find. Have you been in a similar situation? How did you cope? How did you meet your financial obligations?

Update: There are some great comments below. One of the best tips is to get work through a temporary agency. This is an excellent recommendation.

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Crisis Management Series: What to Do If You Lose Your Job

When you lose your job, the key is don't panic. First of all, your financial affairs are still in your control. The following nine guides will help you hold onto what resources you have and survive this financial crisis.

Guide 1: Talk to your family about the situation. Let family members know what decisions must be made. Talk about what is important and what is not so important.

Talking with each other helps the family share concerns. If they understand what choices are available and what actions are necessary, they will be more willing to help. Don't forget to listen to what other family members are saying and feeling. Remember, your whole family probably is upset. But each member can help the family make it through these rough times.

Guide 2: File for unemployment benefits. Take your social security card and go to the unemployment office or location nearest your home as soon as possible. They will help you file your claim. If there is a waiting period between the time you apply for unemployment benefits and the time your check begins, you may be eligible for public assistance. Also, if you are not eligible for unemployment benefits or if your unemployment benefits run out before you find another job, you may be able to get public assistance.

Guide 3: Evaluate the ways your family uses money. Many times people buy things, not because they need the things, but because they want to spend money. Now is the time to tighten the purse strings and eliminate needless spending. Do you see yourself in any of the following examples?

• Do you have a "get even" philosophy? In other words, do you feel you deserve to buy something for yourself just because someone else gets something new?
• Do you buy things you don't really need now because you think, "tomorrow it may cost even more?" Or because "we might be even less able to afford it later?"
• Do you use money to bribe or reward others? Or do you withhold money as punishment?
• Do you spend money as a way to work off frustration or to relieve boredom or anxiety?

Now is the time to abandon these self-defeating spending habits! One of the most difficult things about being unemployed is to realize you cannot spend the way you did before. Pretending to yourself and to others that nothing has changed will not make things easier. Spending less is a must.

Talk about what your family really needs and what they would like to have. Put off buying what you would like to have but do not need now.

All fixed expenses, such as rent or mortgage payments, installment payments, insurance premiums, and other payments due on a specific date must be paid. Cutting out waste and unnecessary purchases can reduce other expenses, such as for food, clothing, and recreation.

Guide 4: Take a financial inventory. Look at what your family now owns. A few minutes spent calculating your family's net worth just might boost your spirits. Add up the total value of all your belongings and subtract from that total the amount you owe. Remember to figure the value of everything at today's market prices, not the price you paid for it. In other words, how much could you sell it for?

Guide 5: Find ways you can cut corners. To do this, you must know exactly how much money you have coming in and going out each month. Use all your check stubs and receipts to list your fixed expenses (housing, insurance premiums, taxes, installment payments, and other debts). Then estimate what you spend on food, clothes, school, gifts, and other expenses. You may find that you don't have a clear picture of where the money is going. If that is the case, try the following plan:

• Cut down on your spending.
• Make a list before going shopping and weigh the importance of each item before buying.
• Write down everything you spend money on for two to four weeks.
• Reduce the number of shopping trips you make.
• Plan ahead for big bills, such as insurance payments.
• Agree with your family that every purchase over a certain amount, say $50 or $100 will be brought to the family for discussion before buying.

Guide 6: Talk to the people you owe money to. Don't ignore bills or you may lose what you already have. Immediately contact your creditors: the finance company, bank, credit union, and department stores. Make an appointment to explain your problem. Here are some solutions you and your creditors might work out:

• Make smaller payments that you can afford for a short period of time.
• Refinance your loan. You can make another contract for smaller payments over a longer period of time. The new payments will be smaller, but the overall cost for the loan will be larger.

If all else fails, consider a consolidation loan. You can take out one loan to pay off all your bills at once. Then you will have just one debt to pay off to just one creditor. Each payment will be smaller, but you will commit yourself for a longer period of time, usually at a higher total cost.

Don't forget to work out a way to handle your monthly mortgage payments. If they are too high for you to pay, go to your lender and explain. Ask the officer in the mortgage-lending department to permit you to pay only the interest for a certain period of time. Or perhaps you can postpone one or two payments until you have pulled yourself out of your financial crises.

The important thing is that you talk with your creditors about your problem and come to an agreement about what you can do and keep from losing what you have.

Guide 7: Examine your insurance policies. Chances are that you were insured under your former employer's group health plan. If you were, the Comprehensive Omnibus Budget Resolution Act (COBRA) of 1985 provides you the opportunity to continue group health insurance for up to 18 months after you have been laid off. You will need to apply for this. You will have to pay the premiums but you have 18 months to find other insurance. If your former employer provided you with group accident and life insurance you will probably have a 30-day period from the day you left the company to reapply for an individual policy with the same insurance company without having a medical examination. The premiums for an individual policy will probably be higher than the premiums you paid for the group policy. But you need insurance now perhaps more than ever.

In many life insurance contracts there is a so-called automatic premium loan clause. This clause says the company will use your dividends to pay your premiums or will deduct the premium payments from the cash value of your policy. Check your permanent life insurance policies or call your agent as soon as possible to see if you have this clause.

Guide 8: When you need cash, you may need to decide whether to withdraw some of your savings or to make a loan. What you decide will depend on your individual circumstances, but there are disadvantages either way.

• When you take money from your savings account, it will no longer earn interest.
• If you take out a loan, you will pay interest for using someone else's money.

One solution might be a passbook loan that is a loan against your savings. You'll lose interest on your savings account and pay 1-1/2 to 2 percent interest in addition, but the total cost might be less than the interest charged for another type of loan.

If you decide to withdraw money from your savings account, take the money from a regular account first and leave any certificates of deposit untouched. You'll lose interest (early withdrawal penalty) on the certificates if you cash them in before they mature.

In any case, think very carefully about taking on additional debt while you're unemployed.

Guide 9: If you find you need outside help, turn to social agencies. Several programs, such as Food Stamps and Medicaid, are available for families needing financial aid.

Contact the Department of Children and Families' Food Stamp Office of to find out if you are eligible. Your family's resources and family income determine eligibility.

When you apply for the Food Stamp Program, take with you your rent receipts or housing payment book, utility bills, proof of medical bills (doctor, hospital, etc.), and proof of income for all working members of your household, including all benefits such as Social Security and public assistance, bank books, or any papers showing what you have in savings.

Summary

Remember, if you lose your job for whatever reason:

• Don't panic. You can still control your financial situation, if you plan carefully.
• Communicate. Analyze what is important and, as a family, decide on a plan of action.
• File a claim for unemployment insurance right away. You may be eligible for assistance or Food Stamps, as well.
• Don't default on payments. Go to your creditors, explain your situation, and work with them to make adjustments.
• Be prepared to change your standard of living, at least temporarily, so you don't have to give up essentials.

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Who doesn't want to make a little extra cash these days? The price of digital cameras is dropping on what seems to be a daily basis. Why not put yours to some use? For the past five years I have been selling royalty-free stock photographs and will share my thoughts, ideas and concepts with you, along with some suggestions for getting started.

What is stock photography?
The Wikipedia entry for stock photography states:

Stock photography consists of existing photographs that can be licensed for specific uses. Book publishers, specialty publishers, magazines, advertising agencies, filmmakers, web designers, graphic artists, interior decor firms, corporate creative groups, and other entities utilize stock photography to fulfill the needs of their creative assignments. By using stock photography instead of hiring a photographer to perform on location shooting, customers can save valuable time and stay on budget.

Everything for commercial use these days has some sort of marketing on it; often this marketing takes the form of a photograph. Take a look at your cereal box - there's a photo on it. Flip through any magazine - someone took the photographs in all those ads. This website often uses images to help describe a story better - someone had to take those. You cannot legally just right-click and save an image from the Internet and use it on a website, print article or magazine. A marketing firm based in Florida may need a photograph of snow-capped mountains. They obviously don't have mountains in Florida, so they turn to stock photos, which they can purchase at a reasonable rate. The photographer makes a percentage of that image sale.

How can you start making money?
This is the first question everyone asks, but there are some precursor questions that should be answered first:

• Do you have the time to invest (perhaps as much as four hours per week)?
• Can you capture images other then your immediate surroundings?
• Will friends and family be willing to sign model release forms?
• Is your camera of high enough quality?
• Do you know how to properly edit a photograph?
• Will you be able to associate keywords to go along with your photo?
• Will you be willing to invest more into gear and cameras?
• Can you be objective with yourself?
• How well do you handle rejection?
• Are you willing to invest time to learn continually?

Do you have the time to invest?
Editing photos takes time. So does giving them full descriptions and uploading full-sized images. This is aside from actually taking photographs. When I was doing this on a regular basis, I would often spend an hour or more a day just editing photographs, another two hours to upload and catalog them.

Can you capture images other then your immediate surroundings?
In order to sell a photograph, you need to give the buyer something they can't grab themselves. This rules out most of your everyday surroundings, including everything at your desk, kitchen, living room, even your sock drawer. Thousands of these images exist in stock catalogs already.

Will friends and family be willing to sign model release forms?
One of the best ways to sell a photograph is to have somebody in it. In order to do this, the models in the images need to sign off their rights to collect any money for them. Often times, I will do a trade with friends and family. I'll agree to bring my camera to so-and-so's birthday party and photograph the event for them if one or three agree to give me an hour or two time around the house, at the park or wherever to pose and let me photograph them, and sign the release. This works out well for both parties.

Is your camera of high enough quality?
Many online stock sites now have minimum requirements for files they will accept. Generally speaking, the baseline where you want to start is a 5mp camera. A digital SLR camera, one that you can change lenses on, is much more desirable as they produce better quality images. More megapixels doesn't always mean better images; the quality of the sensor has a lot to do with it.

Do you know how to properly edit a photograph?
Photographs can often be improved by making adjustments to them, such as:

• Cropping
• Color
• Density
• Shadow detail
• Sharpening

A basic photo-editing program will be needed, as every image that comes out of your camera can always be tweaked a bit for better quality. I've been using Photoshop for years now, current version is CS2, but Photoshop Elements is acceptable. You might also like the GIMP, which is free for both Windows and Mac users. Any corporate name will also need to be edited out of an image. Logos, text or other copyrighted material cannot appear in a photograph that will be sold as stock.

Will you be able to associate keywords to go along with your photo?
Stock photography sites use their own internal search engines; you find an image you're looking for by putting in descriptive words. Nothing magical about that. It is when you need to convey more then what is physically in an image. You could associate 50 or more keywords with an image. This light bulb is an example of a stock photograph. If this were my photo for sale, some of the keywords I would associate with it are:

• Light bulb
• Glass
• Red
• Clear
• Transparent
• Illuminate
• Idea
• Copy space

As you can see, some are descriptive of the actual item, others are there as adjectives. The key wording "game" is directly related to how well people will be able to find your images. This will be covered in greater detail later on.

Will you be willing to invest more into gear and cameras?
As you progress, you will find yourself needing better cameras and lenses, more gear such as studio lights, tripods and just spending more money. You may not make the money back for several months, maybe not at all, but would you be willing to make a small investment? I found myself shooting three cameras and in a studio paying rent for it at one point. It was very much worth it.

Can you be objective with yourself?
Self-editing can be a photographer's biggest downfall. I don't mean editing the photographs in an image editor like Photoshop - I'm referring to selecting the best possible image from a group. The photographer who took the above light bulb photo more then likely has a dozen of them at slightly different angles; however, she chose what she thought would be the best example of that group. Uploading 15 photos of essentially the same photo all at slightly different angles doesn't give buyers more choices, it confuses them and often leaves them second-guessing. Only show and sell your very best of the best images. I've found myself doing shoots with models with 400 or more shots from a two-hour session. When it was all said and done, I had about twenty I was really happy with and that's all anyone ever saw.

How well do you handle rejection?
More then likely you are going to get images rejected. How often? Don't be surprised if 50% or more of what you submit gets rejected. Don't let this get you down, use it as a tool to help build upon your growing portfolio.

Are you willing to invest time to learn continually?
Whether you are new to photography or have been shooting for years, learning is part of the game. I'm on several different forums on a regular basis chatting with other photographers about how to shoot, tips, techniques and most importantly, critiques. Books and now DVDs are becoming increasingly more important tools to mastering different techniques as well and I often reference them prior to doing a shoot.

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